Bahasa Tai Lü
Bahasa Tai Lü atawa Kam Tai Lue (ᦅᧄᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ) rik Sibsongpanna Tai (ᩈᩥ᩠ᨷᩈᩬᨦᨻᩢ᩠ᨶᨶᩣ ᨴᩱᩭ) joda da salah osay basa say digunako Jolma Tai Lü di nagara Cina, Myanmar, Laos rik Thailand. Bahasa sija tikuruk dilom Rumpun Bahasa Kra-Dai.
Huruf
dandaniHuruf Tai Lü Anyar
dandani_Tai_L%C3%BC_script_in_Mohan,_Yunnan.jpg){kind=logo}
Bahasa Tai Lü ganta sa makay tolu sistem penulisan say sumang. Bahasa Tai Lü di Cina makay Alfabet Tai Lü Anyar, sodongko Bahasa Tai Lü di Thailand titulis makay Alfabet Fakkham rik Alfabet Tai Tham.
Konsonan
dandaniPangkal
dandani| Langgar | ᦀ | ᦂ | ᦃ | ᦄ | ᦈ | ᦉ | ᦊ | ᦎ | ᦏ | ᦐ | ᦔ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ribah | ᦁ | ᦅ | ᦆ | ᦇ | ᦋ | ᦌ | ᦍ | ᦑ | ᦒ | ᦓ | ᦗ |
| IPA | /ʔa/ | /ka/ | /xa/ | /ŋa/ | /t͡sa/ | /sa/ | /ja/ | /ta/ | /tʰa/ | /na/ | /pa/ |
| Langgar | ᦕ | ᦖ | ᦚ | ᦛ | ᦜ | ᦡ | ᦢ | ᦠ | ᦦ | ᦧ | ᦪ |
| Ribah | ᦘ | ᦙ | ᦝ | ᦞ | ᦟ | ᦤ | ᦥ | ᦣ | ᦨ | ᦩ | ᦫ |
| IPA | /pʰa/ | /ma/ | /fa/ | /va/ | /la/ | /da/ | /ba/ | /ha/ | /kʷa/ | /xʷa/ | /sʷa/ |
Uncuk
dandani| Uncuk | ᧅ | ᧆ | ᧇ | ᧂ | ᧃ | ᧄ | ᧁ | makka uncuk rik ᦰ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | /k̚/ | /t̚/ | /p̚/ | /ŋ/ | /n/ | /m/ | /w/ | /ʔ/ |
Vokal
dandani| Vokal Buntak | Vokal Tijang | Diftong rik huruf i | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Huruf | IPA | Huruf | IPA | Huruf | IPA |
| makka | /a/ | ᦺ◌ | /aj/ | ||
| ◌ᦰ | /aʔ/ | ◌ᦱ | /aː/ | ◌ᦻ | /aːj/ |
| ◌ᦲᦰ | /iʔ/ | ◌ᦲ | /i(ː)/ | ||
| ᦵ◌ᦰ | /eʔ/ | ᦵ◌ | /e(ː)/ | ||
| ᦶ◌ᦰ | /ɛʔ/ | ᦶ◌ | /ɛ(ː)/ | ||
| ◌ᦳ | /u(ʔ)/ | ◌ᦴ | /uː/ | ◌ᦼ | /uj/ |
| ᦷ◌ᦰ | /oʔ/ | ᦷ◌ | /o(ː)/ | ◌ᦽ | /oj/ |
| ◌ᦸᦰ | /ɔʔ/ | ◌ᦸ | /ɔ(ː)/ | ◌ᦾ | /ɔj/ |
| ◌ᦹᦰ | /ɯʔ/ | ◌ᦹ | /ɯ(ː)/ | ◌ᦿ | /ɯj/ |
| ᦵ◌ᦲᦰ | /ɤʔ/ | ᦵ◌ᦲ | /ɤ(ː)/ | ᦵ◌ᧀ | /ɤj/ |
Nada
dandani| Register langgar | Register ribah | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tanda | ᧈ | ᧉ | ᧈ | ᧉ | ||
| Tijajakko rik huruf k | ᦂ | ᦂᧈ | ᦂᧉ | ᦅ | ᦅᧈ | ᦅᧉ |
| IPA | /ka˥/ | /ka˧˥/ | /ka˩˧/ | /ka˥˩/ | /ka˧/ | /ka˩/ |
| Transkripsi | ka¹ | ka² | ka³ | ka⁴ | ka⁵ | ka⁶ |
Huruf Tai Tham
dandaniKonsonan
dandani| Huruf | Bontuk Subgabungan |
Golar | Transliterasi | IPA | Kelas Nada | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Translit. | IPA | Pangkal | Uncuk | Pangkal | Uncuk | |||||
| 1. Wak Ka | ᨠ | 
|
◌᩠ᨠ | ka | [kǎ] | k | k | [k] | [k̚] | langgar |
| ᨡ | 
|
◌᩠ᨡ | xa, kha | [xǎ]
, [kʰǎ] |
x, kh | k | [x]
, [kʰ] |
[k̚] | langgar | |
| ᨢ[1] | 
|
— | xa, kha | [xǎ] | x, kh | — | [x] | [k̚] | langgar | |
| ᨣ | 
|
◌᩠ᨣ | ka | [ka᷇] | k | k | [k] | [k̚] | ribah | |
| ᨤ[1] | 
|
— | xa, kha | [xa᷇] | x, kh | — | [x] | [k̚] | ribah | |
| ᨥ | 
|
◌᩠ᨥ | xa, kha | [xa᷇]
, [kʰa᷇] |
x, kh | k | [x]
, [kʰ] |
[k̚] | ribah | |
| ᨦ | 
|
◌᩠ᨦ | nga | [ŋa᷇] | ng | ng | [ŋ] | [ŋ] | ribah | |
| 2. Wak Ja | ᨧ | 
|
◌᩠ᨧ | ja, ca | [t͡ɕǎ] | j, c | t | [t͡ɕ] | [t̚] | langgar |
| ᨨ | 
|
◌᩠ᨨ | sa, cha | [sǎ]
, [t͡ɕʰǎ] |
s, ch | — | [s]
, [t͡ɕʰ] |
— | langgar | |
| ᨩ | 
|
◌᩠ᨩ | ja, ca | [t͡ɕa᷇] | j, c | t | [t͡ɕ] | [t̚] | ribah | |
| ᨪ[1] | 
|
— | sa | [sa᷇] | s | t | [s] | [t̚] | ribah | |
| ᨫ |  , 
|
◌᩠ᨫ | sa, cha | [sa᷇]
, [t͡ɕʰa᷄] |
s, ch | t | [s]
, [t͡ɕʰa᷄] |
[t̚] | ribah | |
| ᨬ | 
|
◌᩠ᨬ | nya | [ɲa᷇] | ny, y | n | [ɲ]
, [j] [2] |
[n] | ribah | |
| 3. Wak Rata | ᨭ | 
|
◌᩠ᨭ | rata | [lǎ.tǎ] | t | t | [t] | [t̚] | langgar |
| ᨮ |  , 
|
◌᩠ᨮ , ◌ᩛ | ratha | [lǎ.tʰǎ] | th | t | [tʰ] | [t̚] | langgar | |
| ᨯ | 
|
◌᩠ᨯ | da | [dǎ] | d, th[3] | t | [d]
, [tʰ] [3] |
[t̚] | nongah | |
| ᨰ | 
|
◌᩠ᨰ | ratha | [lǎ.tʰa᷇] | th | t | [tʰ] | [t̚] | ribah | |
| ᨱ | 
|
◌᩠ᨱ | rana | [lǎ.na᷇] | n | n | [n] | [n] | ribah | |
| 4. Wak Ta | ᨲ | 
|
◌᩠ᨲ | ta | [tǎ] | t | t | [t] | [t̚] | langgar |
| ᨳ | 
|
◌᩠ᨳ | tha | [tʰǎ] | th | t | [tʰ] | [t̚] | langgar | |
| ᨴ | 
|
◌᩠ᨴ | ta | [ta᷇] | t | t | [t] | [t̚] | ribah | |
| ᨵ | 
|
◌᩠ᨵ | tha | [tʰa᷇] | th | t | [tʰ] | [t̚] | ribah | |
| ᨶ | 
|
◌᩠ᨶ | na | [na᷇] | n | n | [n] | [n] | ribah | |
| 5. Wak Pa | ᨷ | 
|
◌᩠ᨷ , ◌ᩝ | ba | [bǎ] | b | p | [b] | [p̚] | nongah |
| ◌᩠ᨷ | pa[5] | [pǎ] | p | p | [p] | [p̚] | langgar[7][6] | |||
| ᨸ[1][8] | 
|
– | pa | [pǎ] | p | p | [p] | [p̚] | langgar | |
| ᨹ | 
|
◌᩠ᨹ | pha | [pʰǎ] | ph | – | [pʰ] | – | langgar | |
| ᨺ[1] | 
|
– | fa | [fǎ] | f | – | [f] | – | langgar | |
| ᨻ | 
|
◌᩠ᨻ , ◌ᩛ | pa | [pa᷇] | p | p | [p] | [p̚] | ribah | |
| ᨼ[1] | 
|
– | fa | [fa᷇] | f | p | [f] | [p̚] | ribah | |
| ᨽ | 
|
◌᩠ᨽ | pha | [pʰa᷇] | ph | p | [pʰ] | [p̚] | ribah | |
| ᨾ | 
|
◌᩠ᨾ , ◌ᩜ | ma | [ma᷇] | m | m | [m] | [m] | ribah | |
| 6. Awak | ᨿ | 
|
◌᩠ᨿ | nya | [ɲa᷇] | ny, y | – | [ɲ]
, [j] [2] |
– | ribah |
| ᩀ[1] | 
|
– | ya | [jǎ] | y | – | [j] | – | nongah | |
| ᩁ | 
|
◌᩠ᩁ , ᩕ | ra, la | [la᷇] | r,[9] l, h | n | [r] | [n] | ribah | |
| ᩃ | 
|
◌᩠ᩃ , ◌ᩖ | la | [la᷇] | l | n | [l] | [n] | ribah | |
| ᩅ | 
|
◌᩠ᩅ | wa | [wa᷇] | w | – | [w] | – | ribah | |
| ᩆ | 
|
◌᩠ᩆ | sa | [sǎ] | s | t | [s] | [t̚] | langgar | |
| ᩇ | 
|
◌᩠ᩇ | sa | [sǎ] | s | t | [s] | [t̚] | langgar | |
| ᩈ | 
|
◌᩠ᩈ , ◌ᩞ | sa | [sǎ] | s | t | [s] | [t̚] | langgar | |
| ᩉ | 
|
◌᩠ᩉ | ha | [hǎ] | h | – | [h] | – | langgar | |
| ᩊ | 
|
◌᩠ᩊ | la | [la᷇] | l | n | [l] | [n] | ribah | |
| ᩋ |  , 
|
◌ᩬ | a | [ʔǎ] | – | – | [ʔ] | – | nongah | |
| ᩌ[1] | 
|
– | ha | [ha᷇] | h | – | [h] | – | ribah | |
| Huruf | Golar | Transliterasi | IPA | Kelas
Nada | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Translit. | IPA | Pangkal | Uncuk | Pangkal | Uncuk | ||
| ᩉ᩠ᨦ | nga | [ŋǎ] | ng | – | [ŋ] | – | langgar |
| ᩉ᩠ᨶ | na | [nǎ] | n | – | [n] | – | langgar |
| ᩉ᩠ᨾ | ma | [mǎ] | m | – | [m] | – | langgar |
| ᩉ᩠ᨿ | nya | [ɲǎ] | ny | – | [ɲ]
, [j] [2] |
– | langgar |
| ᩉᩕ | ra, la, ha | [rǎ]
, [lǎ] , [hǎ] |
r,[10] l, h | – | [r] | – | langgar |
| ᩉᩖ, ᩉ᩠ᩃ | la | [lǎ] | l | – | [l] | – | langgar |
| ᩉ᩠ᩅ | wa | [wǎ] | w | – | [w] | – | langgar |
Huruf Khusus
dandani| Huruf | Golar | Nilay Fonetik
(IPA) |
Catatan | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tham | Translit. | IPA | ||||
| ᩓ |  ,  [11]
|
ᩃᩯᩡ, ᩃᩯ | lae | [lɛ̄ː] | [lɛʔ], [lɛ̄ː] | Ligature of letter ᩃ (la) and superscript vowel sign ᩮ (e). |
| ᨶᩣ | 
|
ᨶᩣ | naa | [nāː] | [nāː] | Ligature of letter ᨶ (na) and vowel sign ᩣ (a). |
| ᨬ᩠ᨬ | 
|
ᨬᨬ | nya nya | [ɲa᷇ʔ ɲa᷇ʔ] | [n.ɲ] | Ligature of letter ᨱ (rana) and ᨬ (nya), used in lieu of double ᨬ. |
| ᩔ | 
|
ᩈ ᩈᩬᨦᩉᩬ᩶ᨦ | sa song hong | [sǎː sɔ̌ːŋ hɔ᷇ːŋ] | [t̚.s], [s̚.s] | Ligature of double ᩈ (high sa). |
| ᩕ | 
|
ᩁᩁᩰᩫ᩠ᨦ | rarong, rahong | [la᷇.hōːŋ] | [r], [l], [ʰ] | Subjoined form of letter ᩁ (ra) for a consonant cluster such as ᨷᩕ (pra) ᨻᩕ (pra) as opposed to the subjoined form -᩠ᩁ used as a final consonant. Traditionally considered as a special letter. |
Vokal
dandaniVokal Posay
dandani| Tai Tham | IPA | Transliterasi | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ᩋ | 
|
/áʔ/ | a |
| ᩋᩣ | 
|
/āː/ | aa |
| ᩍ | 
|
/íʔ/ | i |
| ᩎ | 
|
/īː/ | ii |
| ᩏ | 
|
/úʔ/ | u |
| ᩐ | 
|
/ūː/ | uu |
| ᩑ | 
|
/ēː/ | e |
| ᩒ | 
|
/ōː/ | o |
| ᩂ | 
|
/li/, /lɯ̄ː/,
/lɯ᷇ʔ/, /lɤː/[12] |
rue, ruue,
ri, roe[12] |
| ᩄ | 
|
lue, luue,
li, loe[12] | |
| ᩐᩣ | 
|
/aw/ | aw, au, ao |
Vokal Bugantung
dandani| Vokal Buntak[13] (rik huruf konsonan ᨠ) |
Vokal Tijang (rik huruf konsonan ᨠ) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | Mak bukonsonan uncuk |
Bukonsonan uncuk (ᨦ)[14] |
IPA | Mak Bukonsonan uncuk |
Bukonsonan uncuk (ᨦ)[14] | |
| Vokal Mudah | ||||||
| /a/ | ᨠ, ᨠᩡ | ᨠᩢ᩠ᨦ | /aː/ | ᨠᩣ[15] | ᨠᩣ᩠ᨦ | |
| /i/ | ᨠᩥ | ᨠᩥ᩠ᨦ | /iː/ | ᨠᩦ | ᨠᩦ᩠ᨦ | |
| /ɯ/ | ᨠᩧ | ᨠᩧ᩠ᨦ | /ɯː/ | ᨠᩨ | ᨠᩨ᩠ᨦ | |
| /u/ | ᨠᩩ | ᨠᩩᨦ, ᨠᩩᨦ᩼ | /uː/ | ᨠᩪ | ᨠᩪᨦ, ᨠᩪᨦ᩼ | |
| /e/ | ᨠᩮᩡ, ᨠᩮᩬᩡ | ᨠᩮᩢ᩠ᨦ, ᨠᩮᩬᨦᩡ | /eː/ | ᨠᩮ | ᨠᩮ᩠ᨦ | |
| /ɛ/ | ᨠᩯᩡ, ᨠᩯᩬᩡ | ᨠᩯᩢ᩠ᨦ, ᨠᩯᩬᨦᩡ | /ɛː/ | ᨠᩯ | ᨠᩯ᩠ᨦ | |
| /o/ | ᨠᩰᩡ | ᨠᩫ᩠ᨦ | /oː/ | ᨠᩰ, ᨠᩮᩣ[15][16] | ᨠᩰᩫ᩠ᨦ, ᨠᩰ᩠ᨦ | |
| /ɔ/ | ᨠᩰᩬᩡ | ᨠᩬᩢᨦ, ᨠᩬᨦᩡ | /ɔː/ | ᨠᩬᩴ, ᨠᩳ[17] | ᨠᩬᨦ, ᨠᩬᨦ᩼ | |
| /ɤ/ | ᨠᩮᩬᩥᩡ | ᨠᩮᩥᩢ᩠ᨦ, ᨠᩮᩥ᩠ᨦᩡ | /ɤː/ | ᨠᩮᩬᩥ | ᨠᩮᩥ᩠ᨦ | |
| Diftong | ||||||
| /iaʔ/ | ᨠ᩠ᨿᩮᩡ | ᨠ᩠ᨿᩢᨦ, ᨠ᩠ᨿᨦᩡ | /ia/ | ᨠ᩠ᨿᩮ[18] | ᨠ᩠ᨿᨦ | |
| /ɯaʔ/ | ᨠᩮᩬᩥᩋᩡ | ᨠᩮᩬᩥᩢᨦ, ᨠᩮᩬᩥᨦᩡ | /ɯa/ | ᨠᩮᩬᩥᩋ | ᨠᩮᩬᩥᨦ | |
| ᨠᩮᩬᩨᩋᩡ | ᨠᩮᩬᩨᩢᨦ, ᨠᩮᩬᩨᨦᩡ | ᨠᩮᩬᩨᩋ | ᨠᩮᩬᩨᨦ | |||
| /uaʔ/ | ᨠ᩠ᩅᩫᩡ | ᨠ᩠ᩅᩢᨦ, ᨠ᩠ᩅᨦᩡ | /ua/ | ᨠ᩠ᩅᩫ | ᨠ᩠ᩅᨦ, ᨠ᩠ᩅᨦ᩼ | |
| Diftong Fonetis[19] | ||||||
| /aw/ | ᨠᩮᩢᩣ,[15] ᨠᩳ,[20] ᨠᩪᩦ[21] | – | ||||
| /aj/ | ᨠᩱ, ᨠᩲ, ᨠᩱ᩠ᨿ[18], ᨠᩱᨿ᩠ᨿ, ᨠᩮᨿ᩠ᨿ,[22] ᨠᩢ᩠ᨿ[7] | - | ||||
| /ɔːj/ | ᨠᩭ,[17] ᨠᩬ᩠ᨿ | - | ||||
| Vokal Ekstra | ||||||
| /aŋ/ | ᨠᩴ,[16] ᨠᩘ[16] | — | ||||
| /am/ | ᨠᩣᩴ[15] | — | ||||
| /lɯ/ | ᩂ | – | /lɯː/ | ᩂ,[23] ᩄ[24][7] | - | |
Nada
dandani| Tanda Nada | Golar | Catatan | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tham | Transliteration | IPA | |||
| ᩵ | 
|
ᨾᩱ᩶ᩀᩢ᩠ᨠ,[7] ᨾᩱ᩶ᩀᩰᩬᩡ[7] | mai yak,
mai yo |
/máj.jǎk/,
/máj.jɔ́ʔ/ |
|
| ᩶ | 
|
ᨾᩱ᩶ᨡᩬᩴᨩ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨦ,[7] ᨾᩱ᩶ᨪᩢ᩠ᨯ[25] | mai kho jang,
mai sat |
/máj.xɔ̌ː.t͡ɕáːŋ/,
/máj.sát/ |
|
| ᩷ | 
|
ᨾᩱ᩶ᨠᩳᩉ᩠ᨶᩮᩬᩥᩋ[26] | mai ko nuea | /máj.kɔ̌.nɯa̯/ | Invented for Khuen language, shape like vowel sign -ᩳ (mai ko).[25] |
| ᩸ | 
|
ᨾᩱ᩶ᩈᩬᨦᩉ᩠ᨶᩮᩬᩥᩋ[26] | mai song nuea | /máj.sɔ̌ːŋ.nɯa̯/ | Invented for Khuen language, shape like ᪂ (Hora digit 2).[25] |
| ᩹ | 
|
ᨾᩱ᩶ᩈᩣ᩠ᨾᩉ᩠ᨶᩮᩬᩥᩋ[26] | mai sam nuea | /máj.sǎːm.nɯa̯/ | Invented for Khuen language, shape like ᪃ (Hora digit 3).[25] |
| ๋ | 
|
- | – | - | Borrowed from Thai script "Mai Chattawa" into Khuen language. Interchangeable with mai song nuea.[25] |
| ้ | 
|
- | – | - | Borrowed from Thai script "Mai Tho" into Khuen language. Interchangeable with mai sam nuea. |
| Chiang Mai Tone[27] | Sataraf Nada Thai[27] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Golar | Huruf Nada | Golar | Huruf Nada | ||
| Tingkat-nongah | 33 atawa ˧˧ | สามัญ | saman | Tingkat-nongah | 33 atawa ˧˧ |
| Ribah-niyak | 21 atawa ˨˩ | เอก | ek | Ribah-niyak | 21 atawa ˨˩ |
| Langgar-niyak | 42 atawa ˦˨ | โท | tho | Langgar-niyak | 41 atawa ˦˩ |
| Tingkat-langgar, glotalisasi | 44ʔ atawa ˦˦ʔ | โทพิเศษ[28] | Khusus tho[28] | – | – |
| Langgar-nimbul | 45 atawa ˦˥ | ตรี | kayu | Langgar-nimbul | 45 atawa ˦˥ |
| Ribah-nimbul | 24 atawa ˨˦ | จัตวา | chattawa | Ribah-nimbul | 24 atawa ˨˥ |
| IPA | Kelas langgar | Kelas ribah |
|---|---|---|
| [k] | ᨠ | ᨣ |
| [x] | ᨡ, ᨢ | ᨤ, ᨥ |
| [ŋ] | ᩉ᩠ᨦ | ᨦ |
| [t͡ɕ] | ᨧ | ᨩ |
| [s] | ᨨ, ᩆ, ᩇ, ᩈ | ᨪ, ᨫ |
| [ɲ] | ᩉ᩠ᨿ | ᨬ, ᨿ |
| [t] | ᨭ, ᨲ | ᨴ |
| [tʰ] | ᨮ, ᨳ | ᨰ, ᨵ |
| [n] | ᩉ᩠ᨶ | ᨱ, ᨶ |
| [p] | ᨷ[29] ᨸ | ᨻ |
| [pʰ] | ᨹ | ᨽ |
| [f] | ᨺ | ᨼ |
| [m] | ᩉ᩠ᨾ | ᨾ |
| [r] | ᩉᩕ | ᩁ |
| [l] | ᩉᩖ, ᩉ᩠ᩃ, ᩉᩕ | ᩃ, ᩊ, ᩁ |
| [h] | ᩉ, ᩉᩕ | ᩌ, ᩁ |
| [w] | ᩉ᩠ᩅ | ᩅ |
| Konsonan Uncuk sound |
Vokal Tijang |
Kelas Konsonan |
Chiang Mai Tone | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tingkat-nongah | Ribah-niyak | Langgar-niyak | Tingkat-langgar, glotalisasi |
Langgar-nimbul | Ribah-nimbul | |||
| Sataraf rik Nada Thai | ||||||||
| สามัญ (saman) |
เอก (ek) |
โท (tho) |
โทพิเศษ (special tho)[30] |
ตรี (tree) |
จัตวา (chattawa) | |||
| nongah | ribah | niyak | - | langgar | nimbul | |||
| m, n, ŋ, j, w
koda (suku kata say mak ticunting) (korcing) |
Ribah & tijang |
Ribah | ᨴᩣ /taː˧˧/ "to smear" |
ᨴ᩵ᩣ /taː˦˨/ "port" |
ᨴ᩶ᩣ /taː˦˥/ "to challenge" |
|||
| Langgar | ᨲ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨦ /taːŋ˨˩/ "to carry" |
ᨲ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨶ /taːn˦˦ʔ/ "to oppose" |
ᨲᩣ /taː˨˦/ "eye" | |||||
| Nongah | ᩋᩩ᩠ᨿ /ʔuj˧˧/ "soft hair" |
ᩋᩩ᩠᩵ᨿ /ʔuj˨˩/ "to scatter" |
ᩋᩩ᩠᩶ᨿᩌᩩ᩠᩵ᨿ[31][32] /ʔuj˦˨.huj˦˨/ "greenish" |
ᩋᩩ᩠᩶ᨿ[32] /ʔuj˦˦ʔ/ "thigh" |
ᩋᩩ᩠᩶ᨿ[31][33] /ʔuj˦˥/ "grand parents" |
ᩋᩩ᩠ᨿ[31][34] /ʔuj˨˦/ "breast" | ||
| ʔ, p̚, t̚, k̚
coda[35] (suku kata ticunting) (ngahadang) |
tijang | Ribah | ᨴᩣ᩠ᨠ /taːk̚˦˨/ "slug" |
ᨶᩰ᩠᩶ᨴ[31][36][37]
/noːt̚˦˥/ "Catatan" |
||||
| Langgar | ᨲᩣ᩠ᨠ /taːk̚˨˩/ "to dry" |
|||||||
| Nongah | ᨯᩣ᩠ᨷ /daːp̚˨˩/ "sword" |
ᩋᩪ᩶ᨯ[31][38] /ʔuːt̚˦˨/ "to swell" |
ᩋ᩶ᩬᨷ[31][39] /ʔɔːp̚˦˥/ "bottle neck" |
|||||
| ribah | Ribah | ᨴᩢ᩠ᨠ /tak̚˦˥/ "to greet" |
||||||
| Langgar | ᨲᩢ᩠ᨷ /tap̚˨˦/ "liver" | |||||||
| Nongah | ᩋᩩ᩶ᨠ[31][40] /ʔuk̚˦˥/ "to ferment" |
ᨯᩢ᩠ᨷ /dap̚˨˦/ "to distinguish (fire)" | ||||||
Pabandingan
dandani| Tai Tham | Burma | Tai Lü Anyar | Khmer | Thai | Lao | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode | Gaya Lanna | ||||||
| 1. Wak Ka | ᨠ |
|
က | ᦂ | ក | ก | ກ |
| ᨡ |
|
ခ | ᦃ | ខ | ข | ຂ | |
| ᨢ |
|
– | – | – | ฃ | – | |
| ᨣ |
|
ဂ | ᦅ | គ | ค | ຄ | |
| ᨤ |
|
– | ᦆ | – | ฅ | – | |
| ᨥ |
|
ဃ | – | ឃ | ฆ | 
(modern: ຄ) | |
| ᨦ |
|
င | ᦇ | ង | ง | ງ | |
| 2. Wak Ja | ᨧ |
|
စ | ᦈ | ច | จ | ຈ |
| ᨨ |
|
ဆ | – | ឆ | ฉ | 
(modern: ສ) | |
| ᨩ |
|
ဇ | ᦋ | ជ | ช | ຊ | |
| ᨪ |
|
– | ᦌ | – | ซ | – | |
| ᨫ |
|
ဈ | – | ឈ | ฌ | 
(modern: ຊ) | |
| ᨬ |
|
ည | – | ញ | ญ | 
(modern: ຍ) | |
| 3. Wak Rata | ᨭ |
|
ဋ | – | ដ | ฏ | 
(modern: ຕ) |
| ᨮ |
|
ဌ | – | ឋ | ฐ | 
(modern: ຖ) | |
| ᨯ |
|
ဍ | ᦡ | ឌ | ฑ, ฎ, ด | 
(modern: ທ, ດ) | |
| ᨰ |
|
ဎ | – | ឍ | ฒ | 
(modern: ທ) | |
| ᨱ |
|
ဏ | – | ណ | ณ | 
(modern: ນ) | |
| 4. Wak Ta | ᨲ |
|
တ | ᦎ | ត | ต | ຕ |
| ᨳ |
|
ထ | ᦏ | ថ | ถ | ຖ | |
| ᨴ |
|
ဒ | ᦑ | ទ | ท | ທ | |
| ᨵ |
|
ဓ | ᦒ | ធ | ธ | 
(modern: ທ) | |
| ᨶ |
|
န | ᦓ | ន | น | ນ | |
| 5. Wak Pa | ᨷ |
|
ပ | ᦢ | ប | บ | ບ |
| ᨸ |
|
– | ᦔ | – | ป | ປ | |
| ᨹ |
|
ဖ | ᦕ | ផ | ผ | ຜ | |
| ᨺ |
|
– | ᦚ | – | ฝ | ຝ | |
| ᨻ |
|
ဗ | ᦗ | ព | พ | ພ | |
| ᨼ |
|
– | ᦝ | – | ฟ | ຟ | |
| ᨽ |
|
ဘ | ᦘ | ភ | ภ | 
(modern: ພ) | |
| ᨾ |
|
မ | ᦙ | ម | ม | ມ | |
| 6. Awak | ᨿ |
|
ယ | ᦍ | យ | ย | ຍ |
| ᩀ |
|
– | ᦊ | – | อย | ຢ | |
| ᩁ |
|
ရ | ᦣ | រ | ร | ຣ
(modern: ລ) | |
| ᩃ |
|
လ | ᦟ | ល | ล | ລ | |
| ᩅ |
|
ဝ | ᦞ | វ | ว | ວ | |
| ᩆ |
|
ၐ
(modern: သ) |
– | ឝ
(modern: ស) |
ศ | 
(modern: ສ) | |
| ᩇ |
|
ၑ
(modern: သ) |
– | ឞ
(modern: ស) |
ษ | 
(modern: ສ) | |
| ᩈ |
|
သ | ᦉ | ស | ส | ສ | |
| ᩉ |
|
ဟ | ᦠ | ហ | ห | ຫ | |
| ᩊ |
|
ဠ | – | ឡ | ฬ | 
(modern: ລ) | |
| ᩋ |
|
အ | ᦀ | អ | อ | ອ | |
| ᩌ |
|
– | – | – | ฮ | ຮ | |
| 7. Khusus | ᩂ | 
|
ၒ | – | ឫ | ฤ | – |
| ᩄ | 
|
ၔ | – | ឭ | ฦ | – | |
Angka
dandani| Angka | Angka (Alfabet Tai Lü Anyar) | Alfabet Tai Lü Anyar | Alfabet Tai Tham | Transkripsi IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ᧚ | ᦓᦹᧂᧈ | ᨶᩧ᩠᩵ᨦ | nɯŋ |
| 2 | ᧒ | ᦉᦸᧂ | ᩈᩬᨦ | sɔ́ŋ |
| 3 | ᧓ | ᦉᦱᧄ | ᩈᩣ᩠ᨾ | sám |
| 4 | ᧔ | ᦉᦲᧈ | ᩈᩦ᩵ | si᷄ː |
| 5 | ᧕ | ᦠᦱᧉ | ᩉᩢᩣ | ha᷅ː |
| 6 | ᧖ | ᦷᦠᧅ | ᩉᩫ᩠ᨠ | hók |
| 7 | ᧗ | ᦵᦈᧆ | ᩮᨧ᩠ᨯ | t͡ɕét |
| 8 | ᧘ | ᦶᦔᧆᧈ | ᩯᨸ᩠ᨯ | pɛ᷄t |
| 9 | ᧙ | ᦂᧁᧉ | ᩮᨠᩢᩢᩣ | ka᷅w |
| 10 | ᧚᧐ | ᦉᦲᧇ | ᩈᩥ᩠ᨷ | síp |
| 100 | ᧚᧐᧐ | ᦣᦾᧉ | ᩁᩢᩭ | hɔ̀i |
| 10,000 | ᧚᧐᧐᧐᧐ | ᦖᦹᧃᧈ | ᩉ᩠ᨾᩨ᩵ᩁ | mɯ᷄n |
| 100,000 | ᧚᧐᧐᧐᧐᧐ | ᦶᦉᧃ | ᩯᩈ᩠ᨶ | sɛ́n |
| 1,000,000 | ᧚᧐᧐᧐᧐᧐᧐ | ᦟᦱᧃᧉ | ᩃᩢᩣ᩠ᨶ | làn |
Pabandingan
dandani| Angka Arab | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angka Hora | ᪀ | ᪁ | ᪂ | ᪃ | ᪄ | ᪅ | ᪆ | ᪇ | ᪈ | ᪉ |
| Angka Tham | ᪐ | ᪑ | ᪒ | ᪓ | ᪔ | ᪕ | ᪖ | ᪗ | ᪘ | ᪙ |
| Angka Thai | ๐ | ๑ | ๒ | ๓ | ๔ | ๕ | ๖ | ๗ | ๘ | ๙ |
| Angka Lao | ໐ | ໑ | ໒ | ໓ | ໔ | ໕ | ໖ | ໗ | ໘ | ໙ |
| Angka Burma | ๐ | ၁ | ၂ | ၃ | ၄ | ၅ | ၆ | ၇ | ၈ | ၉ |
| Angka Khmer | ០ | ១ | ២ | ៣ | ៤ | ៥ | ៦ | ៧ | ៨ | ៩ |
Rujukan
dandani- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 Added consonant invented for Tai sound, as an extension to the original chategorized Pali 'vagga' consonants. These consonants have the characteristics of lacking the subjoined form.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 In Tai Lue language
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 Influence from Thai, Pali, and Sanskrit languages.
- ↑ When used to write Tai words.
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 When used to write Pali-Sanskrit derived words.
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Templat:Cite book
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 7,5 7,6 Templat:Cite book
- ↑ Used only for Tai words, not for Pali.
- ↑ Often transliterated as 'r' to preserve the semantics for Thai and Pali-Sanskrit words.
- ↑ Often transliterated as 'r' to preserve the semantics for Thai and Pali-Sanskrit words.
- ↑ Khuen/Lue style.
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 นาคสุข, ยุทธพร (4 August 2020). "อักษรธรรมล้านนาที่ประดิษฐ์ขึ้นเพิ่มเติมเพื่อใช้เขียนภาษาสันสกฤต" [The Inventive Dhamma Lanna Script for Writing in Sanskrit]. Humanities & Social Sciences. 37: 297–344.
- ↑ Short vowels are followed by a glottal stop /ʔ/ if they are followed by another consonant.
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 Hypothetical spelling for demonstrating the consonant and vowel positions.
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 15,3 Symbol ◌ᩤ may be used instead for narrow consonants such as ᨣ ᨧ ᨵ ᨰ ᨴ ᨷ ᩅ to increase legibility.
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 Only used for Pali words.
- ↑ 17,0 17,1 Used in Khuen and Lue spelling conventions.
- ↑ 18,0 18,1 According to the Unicode encoding order, subjoined ya ◌᩠ᨿ in the case of mai kia ᨠ᩠ᨿᩮ is considered as a part of vowel cluster and classed as a medial ya which precedes vowels; therefore, the encoding order of mai kia is ᨠ + ᩠ᨿ + ᩮ. However, in the case of mai kai in Pali-Sanskrit form like ᨠᩱ᩠ᨿ, the subjoined ya ◌᩠ᨿ is considered as a final consonant because it is derived from the Pali-Sanskrit phoneme kaya. Thus, the encoding order is ᨠ + ᩱ + ᩠ᨿ
- ↑ Only shows the diphthongs with special diacritic symbols.
- ↑ Used in Lanna spelling convention, called Mai Kao Ho Nueng (ᨾᩱ᩶ᨠᩮᩢᩣᩉᩬᩴ᩵ᩉ᩠ᨶᩧ᩶ᨦ)
- ↑ Called Mai Kao Ju Ji (ᨾᩱ᩶ᨠᩮᩢᩣᨧᩪ᩶ᨧᩦ᩶)
- ↑ Templat:Cite book
- ↑ Equivalent to Thai script ฤๅ.
- ↑ Equivalent to Thai script ฦๅ.
- ↑ 25,0 25,1 25,2 25,3 25,4 Owen, R. Wyn (2017). "A description and linguistic analysis of the Tai Khuen writing system". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 10 (1): 140–164. hdl:10524/52403.
- ↑ 26,0 26,1 26,2 Templat:Cite book
- ↑ 27,0 27,1 Templat:Cite book
- ↑ 28,0 28,1 Name frequently given by grammar books.
- ↑ Pali derived words.
- ↑ Not exist in standard Thai, but often approximated as the special falling tone (โทพิเศษ) in many grammar books and the academic circle in Thailand.
- ↑ 31,0 31,1 31,2 31,3 31,4 31,5 31,6 Secondary form for mid class consonants. This form is less frequently found, and not listed in some grammar book. However, there are dictionary records of words in this form, especially the word start with ᩋ /ʔ/.
- ↑ 32,0 32,1 Sunthornsing, Charee. "พจนานุกรมภาษาล้านนา-ไทย ฉบับมรดกล้านนา". มรดกล้านนา. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ↑ Templat:Cite book
- ↑ Sunthornsing, Charee. "พจนานุกรมภาษาล้านนา-ไทย ฉบับมรดกล้านนา". มรดกล้านนา. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ↑ Some linguists consider this class as separated tones group.
- ↑ Mostly the borrow words from Thai and English.
- ↑ "รายงานสัมมนา แนวทางการเขียนศัพท์วิชาการด้วยอักษรธรรมล้านนา" [Seminar report: guidelines for writing technical terms using Lanna script.] (PDF). The Center for the Promotion of Arts and Culture, Chiang Mai University. 17 January 2004. p. 44. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
- ↑ Templat:Cite book
- ↑ Templat:Cite book
- ↑ Templat:Cite book