Bahasa Kashmiri
Basa kalumpuk Dardik jak rumpun basa Indo-Arya
Basa Kashmir joda da salah osay basa say dituturko Jolma Kashmir di Jammu rik Kashmir.[1]
| Bahasa Kashmiri | |
|---|---|
| كٲشُر - कॉशुर - 𑆑𑆳𑆯𑆶𑆫𑇀 Koshur | |
 | |
| Dipakay bak | Jolma Kashmir |
| Jumlah Panutur | 7,1 juta |
| Wilayah | India rik Pakistan |
| Kaluwarga Basa | Indo-Eropa • Indo-Iran • Indo-Arya • Bahasa Kashmiri |
| Huruf | Arab Aksara Diwanagori Aksara Sharada |
| Status | |
| Resmi di |  India(Jammu rik Kashmir) |
| Diatur bak | |
| Status Basa | Lokok tipakay |
| Kode Basa | |
| ISO 639-1 | ks |
| ISO 639-2 | kas |
| ISO 639-3 | kas |
Cuntuh Tulisan
dandaniسٲری اِنسان چھِ آزاد زامٕتؠ۔ وؠقار تہٕ حۆقوٗق چھِ ہِوی۔ تِمَن چھُ سوچ سَمَج عَطا کَرنہٕ آمُت تہٕ تِمَن پَزِ بٲے بَرادٔری ہٕنٛدِس جَذباتَس تَحَت اَکھ أکِس اَکار بَکار یُن۔
Sə̄rī insān čhi āzād zāmytj. Vjakār ty hokūk čhi hivī. Timan čhu sōč samaž atā karny āmut ty timan pazi bə̄i barādərī hyndis žazbātas tahat akh əkis akār bakār jun.
[səːriː insaːn t͡ʃʰi aːzaːd zaːmɨtʲ . wʲakaːr tɨ hokuːk t͡ʃʰi hiwiː . timan t͡ʃʰu soːt͡ʃ samad͡ʒ ataː karnɨ aːmut tɨ timan pazi bəːj baraːdəriː hɨndis d͡ʒazbaːtas tahat akʰ əkis akaːr bakaːr jun]
Kaunyin jolma tilahirko mardeka rik uwat pi'il rik hak-hak sai goh-goh. Tiyan tiunjuk akal pikiran rik hati nurani mari tiyan dapok nyampur rik sai barihna dilom semangat bukolpah.
𑆃𑆬𑇀𑆬𑆳𑆲𑆶𑆅 𑆃𑆑𑆶𑆪 𑆃𑆗𑆶𑆫 𑆥𑆾𑆫𑆶𑆩𑇀 𑆱𑆶𑆪𑆲𑆳 𑆩𑆳𑆬𑆴 𑆫𑆾𑆛𑆶𑆩𑇀 𑆮𑆶𑆤𑇀𑆢𑆱𑇀 𑆩𑆁𑆘 𑆱𑆶𑆅 𑆩𑆳𑆬𑆴 𑆑𑆤𑆴 𑆥𑇀𑆪𑆜 𑆓𑆾𑆫𑆶𑆩𑇀 𑆠 𑆖𑆾𑆫𑆶𑆩𑇀 𑆃𑆱𑆱𑇀 𑆱𑆳𑆱 𑆠 𑆱𑆥𑆤𑇀𑆪𑆱 𑆱𑆾𑆤𑇆
[allaːhuj akuj at͡ʃʰur porum, suj maːli roʈum wɔndas manz, suj maːli kani pʲaʈʰ gorum tɨ t͡sorum, əːsɨs saːs tɨ sapnis sɔn.]
Nyak torus ngucapko kata ilahi unik 'Allah' rik nyimpanna rik aman dilom hatiku ngaliyu'i dedikasi rik cintaku sai toguh. Nyak ja bih habu rik rahmat ilahi bumetamorfosis jadi emas.
Huruf
dandaniDi bah sa uwat pira ngabungkal huruf-huruf say tipakay untuk nulisko Basa Kashmir;
Konsonan
dandani| Golar | Pocak | IPA | Transliterasi[2] | Unicode | Contoh[3] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kashmiri | Posay | Uncuk | Tongah-tongah | Pangkal | Kosakata Kashmiri | IPA | Horti | |||
| ألِف ạlif |
ا | ـا | ـا | ا | /∅/, rokop | – | U+0627 | اَفسانہٕ afsānü |
/afsaːnɨ/ | Carita Buntak |
| بے bē |
ب | ـب | ـبـ | بـ | /b/ | b | U+0628 | بِکھٲرؠ bikhạ̄r' |
/bikʰəːrʲ/ | Pangemis |
| پے pē |
پ | ـپ | ـپـ | پـ | /p/ | p | U+067E | پَمپوش pampōsh |
/pampoːʃ/ | Bunga Talipuk |
| پھَ pha |
پھ | ـپھ | ـپھـ | پھـ | /pʰ/ | ph | U+067E rik U+06BE |
پھَل phal |
/pʰal/ | Buah |
| تے tē |
ت | ـت | ـتـ | تـ | /t̪/ | t | U+062A | تَجويٖز tajvīz |
/t̪ad͡ʒwiːz/ | Proposal |
| تھَ tha |
تھ | ـتھ | ـتھـ | تھـ | /t̪ʰ/ | th | U+062A rik U+06BE |
تھٲلؠ thạ̄l' |
/t̪ʰəːlʲ/ | Pinggan |
| ٹے ṭē |
ٹ | ـٹ | ـٹـ | ٹـ | /ʈ/ | ṭ | U+0679 | ٹوٗپؠ ṭūp' |
/ʈuːpʲ/ | Topi |
| ٹھَ ṭha |
ٹھ | ـٹھ | ـٹھـ | ٹھـ | /ʈʰ/ | ṭh | U+0679 rik U+06BE |
ٹھوٗل ṭhūl |
/ʈʰuːl/ | Hatoluy |
| ثے sē |
ث | ـث | ـثـ | ثـ | /s/ | s | U+062B | ثۆبوٗتھ sobūth |
/sobuːt̪ʰ/ | Bukti |
| جیٖم jīm |
ج | ـج | ـجـ | جـ | /d͡ʒ/ | j | U+062C | جاے jāy |
/d͡ʒaːj/ | Pok |
| چیٖم chīm |
چ | ـچ | ـچـ | چـ | /t͡ʃ/ | ch , č | U+0686 | چٲنٛدؠ chạ̄n̂d' |
/t͡ʃə̃ːd̪ʲ/ | Perak |
| چھَ chha |
چھ | ـچھ | ـچھـ | چھـ | /t͡ʃʰ/ | chh, čh | U+0686 rik U+06BE |
چھان chhān |
/t͡ʃʰaːn/ | Tukang Kayu |
| حَے hay |
ح | ـح | ـحـ | حـ | /h/ | h | U+062D | حاجَتھ ḥājath |
/haːd͡ʒat̪ʰ/ | Porlu |
| خَے khay |
خ | ـخ | ـخـ | خـ | /x/ ~ /kʰ/ | kh | U+062E | خَطَرناكھ khatarnākh |
/xatarnaːkʰ/ | Bahaya |
| دال dāl |
د | ـد | ـد | د | /d̪/ | d | U+062F | دُكان dukān |
/d̪ukaːn/ | Toko |
| ڈال ḍāl |
ڈ | ـڈ | ـڈ | ڈ | /ɖ/ | ḍ | U+0688 | ڈۄڈ ḍọḍ |
/ɖɔɖ/ | Tongah ruwa |
| ذال zāl |
ذ | ـذ | ـذ | ذ | /z/ | z | U+0630 | ذیٚہَن zehan |
/zehan/ | Pikiran |
| رے rē |
ر | ـر | ـر | ر | /r/ | r | U+0631 | رٕكھ rükh کھرٛۄکھ khrọkh |
/rɨkʰ/ /kʰrɔkʰ/ |
Garis Manggor |
| ڑے ṛē |
ڑ | ـڑ | ـڑ | ڑ | /ɽ/ | ṛ | U+0691 | لٔڑکہٕ lạṛkü |
/ləɽkɨ/ | Sanak Bakas |
| زے zē |
ز | ـز | ـز | ز | /z/ | z | U+0632 | زامَن zāman |
/zaːman/ | Mahuap |
| ژے tsē |
ژ | ـژ | ـژ | ژ | /t͡s/ | ts | U+0698 | ژٔر tsạr |
/t͡sər/ | Manuk Pipit ingunan |
| ژھَ tsha |
ژھ | ـژھ | ـژھـ | ژھـ | /t͡sʰ/ | tsh | U+0698 rik U+06BE |
ژھاے tshāy |
/t͡sʰaːj/ | Halinu |
| سیٖن sīn |
س | ـس | ـسـ | سـ | /s/ | s | U+0633 | سَنٛگُر sangur |
/sãɡur/ | Gunung |
| شـیٖـن shīn |
ش | ـش | ـشـ | شـ | /ʃ/ | sh, š | U+0634 | شۆد shod |
/ʃod̪/ | Murni, Alami |
| صۄاد sọ̄d |
ص | ـص | ـصـ | صـ | /s/ | s | U+0635 | صَدقہٕ sadqü |
/sad̪qɨ/ | Amal |
| ضۄاد zọ̄d |
ض | ـض | ـضـ | ضـ | /z/ | z | U+0636 | ضٲمیٖن ẓạ̄mīn |
/zəːmiːn/ | Pananggung Jawab |
| طۄے tọy |
ط | ـط | ـطـ | طـ | /t̪/ | t | U+0637 | طوطہٕ tōtü |
/t̪oːt̪ɨ/ | Manuk Beo |
| ظۄے zọy |
ظ | ـظ | ـظـ | ظـ | /z/ | z | U+0638 | ظٲلِم zạ̄lim |
/zəːlim/ | Bongih |
| عٲن ạ̄n |
ع | ـع | ـعـ | عـ | /∅/, rokop |
– | U+0639 | عَقٕل aqül |
/aqɨl/ | Kabijaksanoan |
| غٲن gạ̄n |
غ | ـغ | ـغـ | غـ | /ɣ/~/ɡ/ | g, ğ | U+063A | غۄصہٕ gọsü |
/ɣɔsɨ/ | Angot |
| فے fē |
ف | ـف | ـفـ | فـ | /f/~/pʰ/ | f | U+0641 | فِرِنـؠ firin' |
/firinʲ/ | Puding Mamis |
| قاف qāf |
ق | ـق | ـقـ | قـ | /q/~/k/ | q | U+0642 | قاشوٕ qāshwü |
/qaːʃwɨ/ | Sut-sut |
| كیٖف kīf |
ک | ـک | ـكـ | كـ | /k/ | k | U+0643 | کۄکُر kọkur |
/kɔkur/ | Sisu |
| کھَ kha |
کھ | ـکھ | ـکھـ | کھـ | /kʰ/ | kh | U+0643 rik U+06BE |
کھۄر khọr |
/kʰɔr/ | Kukut |
| گاف gāf |
گ | ـگ | ـگـ | گـ | /ɡ/ | g | U+06AF | گاش gāsh |
/ɡaːʃ/ | Cahaya |
| لام lām |
ل | ـل | ـلـ | لـ | /l/ | l | U+0644 | لۄکچار lọkchār |
/lɔkt͡ʃaːr/ | Masa sanak-sanak |
| میٖم mim |
م | ـم | ـمـ | مـ | /m/ | m | U+0645 | مَرٕگ marüg |
/marɨɡ/ | Padang jukuk |
| نوٗن nūn |
ن | ـن | ـنـ | نـ | /n/, /◌̃/ | n | U+0646 | نَب nab |
/nab/ | Langik |
| نوٗن غۄنَہ nūn gọna |
ں | ـں | /◌̃/ | ñ | U+06BA | داں زٔمیٖن dāñ zạmīn |
/d̪ãː zəmiːn/ | Huma | ||
| واو wāw |
و | ـو | ـو | و | /w/ | v, w | U+0648 | وَن van |
/wan/ | Pulan |
| ہے hē |
ہ | ـہ | ـہـ | ہـ | /h/ | h | U+06C1 | ہۄپہٕ họpü ؤہمہٕ wạhmü پَگاہ pagāh |
/hɔpɨ/ /wəhmɨ/ /paɡaːh/ |
Gombut Karabayan, Kagalanghatian Johpagi |
| یے yē |
ی | - | ـیـ | یـ | /j/ | y | U+06CC | یال yāl پیٛالہٕ pyālü |
/jaːl/ /pʲaːlɨ/ |
Buwok kudo Cangkir |
| لۄکُٹ یے Lọkuṭ yē | ||||||||||
| بۆڈ یے boḍ yē |
ے | ـے | - | - | /j/ |
y | U+06D2 | ڈاے ḍāy |
/ɖaːj/ | Rua satongah |
| تالٕرؠ tālür' |
ؠ | ـؠ | ـؠ | - | /◌ʲ/ | ', ⁱ | U+0620 | سٟتؠ sǖt' |
/sɨːt̪ʲ/ | Rik |
Vokal
dandani| Golar | Glif Vokal Uncuk (Vokal rik huruf bē ب rik rē ر) |
Glif Vokal Tongah-tongah (Vokal rik huruf bē ب rik rē ر) |
Glif Vokal Pangkal | IPA | Transliterasi[4] | Unicode | Contoh[3] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kashmiri | Kosakata Kashmiri | IPA | Horti | ||||||
| زَبَر zabar |
ہ، ـہ بَہ / ـبَہ / رَ |
–َ بَـ / ـبَـ / رَ |
اَ | [a] | a | U+64E | اَپُز apuz پَلَو palav |
/apuz/ /palaw/ |
Pakiyuk pakayan |
| مَد mad |
ا با / ـبا / را |
ا با / ـبا / را |
آ | [aː] | ā | U+0622 U+0627 |
آب āb پان pān |
/aːb/ /paːn/ |
Pakiyuk Badan |
| اَمالہٕ amālü |
–ٔ / ـٔہ بٔہ / ـبٔہ / رٔ |
–ٔ بٔـ / ـبٔـ / رٔ |
أ | [ə] | ạ, ö , ȧ | U+0623 U+0654 |
أچھ ạchh گٔر gạr |
/ət͡ʃʰ/ /ɡər/ |
Mata Jam, Jam tangan |
| اَمالہٕ مَد amālü mad |
ٲ بٲ / ـبٲ / رٲ |
ٲ بٲ / ـبٲ / رٲ |
ٲ | [əː] | ạ̄, ȫ, ä | U+0672 | ٲس ạ̄s دٲن dạ̄n |
/əːs/ /d̪əːn/ |
Banguk Dalimo |
| زیر zēr |
–ِ / ـہِ بہِ / ـبہِ / رِ |
–ِ بِـ / ـبِـ / رِ |
اِ | [i] | i, í | U+0650 | اِنسان insān سِر sir |
/insaːn/ /sir/ |
Manusia Rusio |
| کَشہِ زیر kashi zēr |
ی بی / ـبی / ری |
ـیٖـ / یٖـ بیٖـ / ـبیٖـ / ریٖـ |
ایٖـ / ای | [iː] | ī | Pangkal rik Tongah-tongah: U+06CC and U+0656 Uncuk: U+06CC |
ایٖمان īmān سیٖر sīr وَردی wardī |
/iːmaːn/ /siːr/ /ward̪iː/ |
Iman Bata Saragam |
| سایہِ sāyi |
–ٕ / ـہٕ بہٕ / ـبہٕ / رٕ |
–ٕ بٕـ / ـبٕـ / رٕ |
إ | [ɨ] | ü , ụ, u', ι | Pangkal: U+0625 Tongah-tongah rik Uncuk: U+0655 |
بہٕ bü کٔدٕل kạdül |
/bɨ/ /kəd̪ɨl/ |
Nyak Jarambah |
| سایہِ مَد sāyi mad |
–ٟ / ـہٟ بہٟ / ـبہٟ / رٟ |
–ٟ بٟـ / ـبٟـ / رٟ |
ٳ | [ɨː] | ǖ , ụ̄, ū' | Pangkal: U+0673 Tongah-tongah rik Uncuk: U+065F |
تٟر tǖr خٟمہٕ khǖmü |
/t̪ɨːr/ /xɨːmɨ/ |
Ngison Tenda |
| پیش pēsh |
–ُ / ـُہ بُہ / ـبُہ / رُ |
–ُ بُـ / ـبُـ / رُ |
اُ | [u] | u | U+064F | پُج puj |
/pud͡ʒ/ | Tukang daging |
| کَشہِ واوُک kashi wāwuk |
ـوٗ / وٗ بوٗ / ـبوٗ / روٗ |
ـوٗ / وٗ بوٗ / ـبوٗ / روٗ |
اوٗ | [uː] | ū | U+0648 rik U+0657 |
پوٗت pūt |
/puːt̪/ | Anak sisu |
| نیٖمہٕ واوُک nīmü wāwuk |
ـۆ / ۆ بۆ / ـبۆ / رۆ |
ـۆ / ۆ بۆ / ـبۆ / رۆ |
اۆ | [o] | o, ó | U+06C6 | دۆب dob |
/d̪ob/ | Tukang poh-poh |
| واوُک wāwuk |
ـو / و بو / ـبو / رو |
ـو / و بو / ـبو / رو |
او | [oː] | ō | U+0648 | مور mōr |
/moːr/ | Merak |
| لٔٹؠ واوُک lạṭ' wāwuk |
ـۄ / ۄ بۄ / ـبۄ / رۄ |
ـۄ / ۄ بۄ / ـبۄ / رۄ |
اۄ | [ɔ] | ọ, ŏ | U+06C4 | گۄلاب gọlāb |
/ɡɔlaːb/ | Mawar |
| لٔٹؠ واوُک مَد lạṭ' wāwuk mad |
ـۄا / ۄا بۄا / ـبۄا / رۄا |
ـۄا / ۄا بۄا / ـبۄا / رۄا |
اۄا | [ɔː] | ọ̄, ŏa | U+06C4 rik U+0627 |
سۄاد sọ̄d |
/sɔːd̪/ | Osay saparapat |
| نیٖمہٕ یایُک nīmü yāyuk |
ـےٚ / ـےٚ بےٚ / ـبےٚ / رےٚ |
ـێـ / ێـ بیٚـ / ـبیٚـ / ریٚـ |
ایٚـ / اےٚ | [e] | e, ë | Pangkal rik Tongah-tongah: U+06CC and U+065A Uncuk: U+06D2 rik U+065A |
بیٚنہِ beni مےٚ me |
/beni/ /me/ |
Nakbay Nyak |
| یایُک yāyuk |
ـے / ے بے / ـبے / رے |
ـیـ / یـ بیـ / ـبیـ / ریـ |
ایـ / اے | [eː] | ē | Pangkal rik Tongah-tongah: U+06CC Uncuk: U+06D2 |
ریش rēsh |
/reːʃ/ | Jangguk |
| گول یایُک gōl yāyuk |
- | ـؠـ / ؠـ بؠـ / ـبؠـ / رؠـ |
اؠـ / اؠے | [ʲa] | ĕ, ya | Pangkal rik Tongah-tongah: U+0620 |
مؠقراض mĕqrāz |
/mʲaqraːz/ | Gunting |
Konsonan
dandani| Huruf | क | ख | ग | च | छ | ज | च़ | छ़ | ज़ | ट | ठ | ड | त | थ | द | न | प | फ | ब | म | य | र | ल | व | श | स | ह |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | [k] | [kʰ] | [g] | [t͡ʃ] | [t͡ʃʰ] | [d͡ʒ] | [t͡s] | [t͡sʰ] | [z] | [ʈ] | [ʈʰ] | [ɖ] | [t] | [tʰ] | [d] | [n] | [p] | [pʰ] | [b] | [m] | [j] | [r] | [l] | [w] | [ʃ] | [s] | [h] |
| Transliterasi | k | kh | g | ch | chh | j | ts | tsh | z | ṭ | ṭh | ḍ | t | th | d | n | p | ph | b | m | y | r | l | w | sh | s | h |
Vokal
dandaniUwat pira ngabungkal versi aksara Diwanagori untuk Kashmir.[5] Proposal versi 2002 tijajakko di bah sa.[6] Versi hasa uwat pambaca rik rada lamon konten say uwat di Internet, walawpun ija proposal say lamo.[7][8] Versi hasa makay huruf vokal ॲ/ऑ rik tanda vokal कॅ/कॉ untuk vokal mirip schwa [ə] rik vokal mirip schwa tibaca tijang [əː] say munih uwat dilom aksara bubasis Diwanagori barihna juk Marathi rik Hindi tapi tipakay untuk bunyi vokal barihna.
| Huruf | अ | आ | ॲ | ऑ | इ | ई | ॶ | ॷ | उ | ऊ | ऎ | ए | ऐ | ऒ | ओ | औ | -व | ँ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | [a] | [aː] | [ə] | [əː] | [i] | [iː] | [ɨ] | [ɨː] | [u] | [uː] | [e] | [eː] | [əi] | [o] | [oː] | [ɔː] | [ɔ] | [◌̃] |
| Transliterasi | a | ā | ạ | ạ̄ | i | ī | ü | ǖ | u | ū | e | ē | ai | o | ō | ọ̄ | ọ | ̃ |
| Tanda Vokal say tipakayko di huruf konsonan k | क | का | कॅ | कॉ | कि | की | कॖ | कॗ | कु | कू | कॆ | के | कै | कॊ | को | कौ | क्व atawa कव | कं |
Tabel di bah sa joda da versi paling ganta (2009) jak proposal untuk nyabdu vokal Kashmir rik Diwanagori.[9][10] Parubahan utama di versi hasa joda da parubahan karakter togak posay ॳ / ॴ rik tanda vokal कऺ / कऻ untuk vokal mirip schwa [ə] & vokal mirip schwa say tibaca tijang [əː] rik say ompay togak posay vokal ॵ rik tanda vokal कॏ untuk vokal buntor balikok tongah tibukak [ɔ] say panday tipakay sabagay gonti konsonan व say nggontiko vokal hasa.
| Letter | अ | आ | ॳ | ॴ | इ | ई | ॶ | ॷ | उ | ऊ | ऎ | ए | ऐ | ऒ | ओ | औ | ॵ | ँ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | [a] | [aː] | [ə] | [əː] | [i] | [iː] | [ɨ] | [ɨː] | [u] | [uː] | [e] | [eː] | [əi] | [o] | [oː] | [ɔː] | [ɔ] | [◌̃] |
| Transliterasi[11] | a | ā | ạ | ạ̄ | i | ī | ü | ǖ | u | ū | e | ē | ai | o | ō | ọ̄ | ọ | ̃ |
| Tanda Vokal say tipakayko di huruf konsonan k | क | का | कऺ | कऻ | कि | की | कॖ | कॗ | कु | कू | कॆ | के | कै | कॊ | को | कौ | कॏ | कं |
Konsonan
dandani| Golar | Transliterasi | IPA | Glif Posay | Katerangan[12][13] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 𑆑𑆾𑆮𑇀 𑆑 | kōv kạ | ka | [ka] | 𑆑 | |
| 𑆒𑇀𑆮𑆤𑆴 𑆒 | khvani khạ | kha | [kʰa] | 𑆒 | |
| 𑆓𑆓𑆫𑇀 𑆓 | gagar gạ | ga | [ɡa] | 𑆓 | |
| 𑆓𑆳𑆱𑆴 𑆔 | gāsi ghạ | gha | [ɡʰa] | 𑆔 | Basa Kashmir makka konsonan hasa. |
| 𑆤𑆳𑆫𑆶𑆓𑇀 𑆕 | nārug ṅạ | ṅa | [ŋa] | 𑆕 | Basa Kashmir makka konsonan hasa. |
| 𑆖𑆳𑆛𑆶𑆮𑇀 𑆖 | tsāṭuv chạ | cha | [t͡ʃa] | 𑆖 | |
| 𑆗𑇀𑆮𑆛𑆴𑆚𑇀 𑆗 | tshvaṭiñ chhạ | chha | [t͡ʃʰa] | 𑆗 | |
| 𑆘𑆪𑆴 𑆘 | zayi jạ | ja | [d͡ʒa] | 𑆘 | |
| 𑆘𑆳𑆯𑆴𑆚𑇀 𑆙 | zashiñ jhạ | jha | [d͡ʒʰa] | 𑆙 | Basa Kashmir makka konsonan hasa. |
| 𑆒𑇀𑆮𑆤 𑆦𑆶𑆛𑆴 𑆚 | khvana phuṭi ñạ | ña | [ɲa] | 𑆚 | Basa Kashmir makka konsonan hasa. |
| 𑆃𑆫𑇀-𑆩𑆳𑆀𑆛 | ar mām̐ṭa | ṭa | [ʈa] | 𑆛 | |
| 𑆱𑆫𑇀-𑆩𑆳𑆀𑆜 | sar mām̐ṭha | ṭha | [ʈʰa] | 𑆜 | |
| 𑆝𑆶𑆝𑇀 𑆝 | ḍuḍ ḍạ | ḍa | [ɖa] | 𑆝 | |
| 𑆝𑆑 𑆞 | ḍaka ḍhạ | ḍha | [ɖʰa] | 𑆞 | Basa Kashmir makka konsonan hasa. |
| 𑆤𑆳𑆤𑆓𑆶𑆫𑆴 𑆟 | nānaguri ṇạ | ṇa | [ɳa] | 𑆟 | Basa Kashmir makka konsonan hasa. |
| 𑆠𑆾𑆮𑇀 𑆠 | tov tạ | ta | [ta] | 𑆠 | |
| 𑆡𑆳𑆯𑆴 𑆡 | thāshi thạ | tha | [tʰa] | 𑆡 | |
| 𑆢𑆢𑆮𑇀 𑆢 | dadav dạ | da | [da] | 𑆢 | |
| 𑆢𑆷𑆚𑇀 𑆣 | dūñ dhạ | dha | [dʰa] | 𑆣 | Basa Kashmir makka konsonan hasa. |
| 𑆤𑆱𑇀𑆠𑆶𑆮𑇀 𑆤 | nastūv nạ | na | [na] | 𑆤 | |
| 𑆥𑆝𑆶𑆫𑆴 𑆥 | paḍuri pạ | pa | [pa] | 𑆥 | |
| 𑆦𑆫𑆴𑆚𑇀 𑆦 | phariñ phạ | pha | [pʰa] | 𑆦 | |
| 𑆧𑆶𑆧𑇀 𑆧 | bub bạ | ba | [ba] | 𑆧 | |
| 𑆧𑆳𑆪𑆴 𑆨 | bāyi bhạ | bha | [bʰa] | 𑆨 | Basa Kashmir makka konsonan hasa. |
| 𑆩𑆾𑆮𑇀 𑆩 | mōv mạ | ma | [ma] | 𑆩 | |
| 𑆪𑆳𑆮 𑆪 | yāva yạ | ya | [ja] | 𑆪 | |
| 𑆫𑆑 𑆫 | raka rạ | ra | [ra] | 𑆫 | |
| 𑆬𑆳𑆮 𑆬 | lāva lạ | la | [la] | 𑆬 | |
| 𑆧𑆝𑆶 𑆝𑆶𑆝𑇀 𑆝 | boḍu ḍuḍ ḍạ | ḷa | [ɭa] | 𑆭 | Basa Kashmir makka konsonan hasa. |
| 𑆮𑆯𑆴 𑆮 | vashi vạ | va | [wa] | 𑆮 | |
| 𑆯𑆑𑆫𑇀 𑆯 | shakar shạ | sha | [ʃa] | 𑆯 | |
| 𑆦𑆳𑆫𑆴 𑆰 | phāri ṣạ | ṣa | [ʂa] | 𑆰 | Basa Kashmir makka konsonan hasa. |
| 𑆱𑆶𑆱𑇀 𑆱 | sus sạ | sa | [sa] | 𑆱 | |
| 𑆲𑆳𑆬 𑆲 | hala hạ | ha | [ha] | 𑆲 | |
Vokal
dandani| Golar | Transliterasi | IPA | Glif Posay | Katerangan[12] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 𑆄𑆢𑆿 𑆃 | ādau a | a | [a] | 𑆃 | |
| 𑆎𑆠𑆮𑇀 𑆄 | aitav ā | ā | [aː] | 𑆄 | |
| 𑆪𑆪𑆮𑇀 𑆪𑆼 | yeyev yē | i | [i] | 𑆅 | |
| 𑆅𑆯𑆫𑆮𑇀 𑆆 | yisherav yī | ī | [iː] | 𑆆 | |
| 𑆮𑇀𑆮𑆥𑆬𑇀 𑆮𑆾 | vọpal vō | u | [u] | 𑆇 | |
| 𑆮𑇀𑆮𑆥𑆬𑇀 𑆧𑆳 𑆈 | vọpal bā ū | ū | [uː] | 𑆈 | |
| 𑆉𑆤𑆮𑇀 𑆉 | r̥enav | r̥ | [r̩] | 𑆉 | Basa Kashmir makka vokal hasa. |
| 𑆫𑆒𑆮𑇀 𑆊 | rakhav | r̥̄ | [r̩ː] | 𑆊 | Basa Kashmir makka vokal hasa. |
| 𑆬𑇀𑆪𑆪𑆮𑇀 𑆋 | leyev | l̥ | [l̩] | 𑆋 | Basa Kashmir makka vokal hasa. |
| 𑆬𑆵𑆪𑆮𑇀 𑆌 | līsav | l̥̄ | [l̩ː] | 𑆌 | Basa Kashmir makka vokal hasa. |
| 𑆠𑆬𑆮𑇀𑆪𑇀 𑆍 | talavya yē | ē | [eː] | 𑆍 | |
| 𑆠𑆳𑆬𑆵 𑆎 | tolī ai | ai | [əi] | 𑆎 | |
| 𑆮𑆶𑆜𑆾 𑆏 | vuṭhō ō | ō | [oː] | 𑆏 | |
| 𑆃𑆯𑆴𑆢𑆵 𑆐 | ashidī au | au | [ɔː] | 𑆐 | |
| 𑆃𑆝𑆴 𑆖𑆤𑆢𑇀𑆫 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆶 | aḍi tsandra phyor | am̐ | [◌̃] | 𑆃𑆀 | |
| 𑆩𑆱𑇀 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆁 | mas phyori aṃ | aṃ | [n],[m] | 𑆃𑆁 | |
| 𑆢𑆾 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆂 | dō phyori aḥ | aḥ | [h] | 𑆃𑆂 | |
Tanda Vokal
| Golar | Transliterasi | IPA | Tanda Vokal Posay | Tanda Vokal say tipakayko di huruf konsonan Pa | Cara barih makayko tanda vokal di Konsonan Khusus | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 𑆮𑆲𑆳𑆪𑇀 | vahāy | -ā | [aː] | 𑆳 | 𑆥𑆳 | 𑆕 = 𑆕𑆳
𑆘 = 𑆘𑆳 𑆛 = 𑆛𑆳 𑆟 = 𑆟𑆳 |
| 𑆩𑆷𑆤𑇀𑆡𑆫𑇀 | mūnthar | -i | [i] | 𑆴 | 𑆥𑆴 | |
| 𑆃𑆫𑇀 𑆩𑆷𑆤𑇀𑆡𑆫𑇀 | ar mūnthar | -ī | [iː] | 𑆵 | 𑆥𑆵 | |
| 𑆒𑆶𑆫𑆶 | khuru | -u | [u] | 𑆶 | 𑆥𑆶 | 𑆑 = 𑆑𑆶
𑆓 = 𑆓𑆶 𑆙 = 𑆙𑆶 𑆚 = 𑆚𑆶 𑆝 = 𑆝𑆶 𑆠 = 𑆠𑆶 𑆨 = 𑆨𑆶 𑆫 = 𑆫𑆶 𑆯 = 𑆯𑆶 |
| 𑆃𑆫𑇀 𑆒𑆷𑆫𑆷 | ar khūrū | -ū | [uː] | 𑆷 | 𑆥𑆷 | 𑆑 = 𑆑𑆷
𑆓 = 𑆓𑆷 𑆙 = 𑆙𑆷 𑆚 = 𑆚𑆷 𑆝 = 𑆝𑆷 𑆠 = 𑆠𑆷 𑆨 = 𑆨𑆷 𑆫 = 𑆫𑆷 𑆯 = 𑆯𑆷 |
| 𑆉𑆤𑆮𑇀 𑆉 | r̥enav r̥a | -r̥ | [r̩] | 𑆸 | 𑆥𑆸 | 𑆑 = 𑆑𑆸 |
| 𑆫𑆒𑆮𑇀 𑆊 | rakhav ru | -r̥̄ | [r̩ː] | 𑆹 | 𑆥𑆹 | 𑆑 = 𑆑𑆹 |
| 𑆬𑇀𑆪𑆪𑆮𑇀 𑆋 | leyev l̥a | -l̥ | [l̩] | 𑆺 | 𑆥𑆺 | |
| 𑆬𑆵𑆱𑆮𑇀 𑆌 | līsav l̥̄a | -l̥̄ | [l̩ː] | 𑆻 | 𑆥𑆻 | |
| 𑆲𑇀𑆮𑆁𑆝𑆷 | hvanḍū | -ē | [eː] | 𑆼 | 𑆥𑆼 | |
| 𑆲𑇀𑆮𑆁𑆘𑆾𑆫𑇀 | hvanjōr | -ai | [əi] | 𑆽 | 𑆥𑆽 | |
| 𑆃𑆑𑆶 𑆯𑇀𑆪𑆷𑆫𑆶 | oku shyūr | -ō | [oː] | 𑆾 | 𑆥𑆾 | |
| 𑆃𑆑𑆶𑆯𑆴 𑆮𑆲𑆳𑆪𑇀 | okushi vahāy | -au | [ɔː] | 𑆿 | 𑆥𑆿 | |
| 𑆃𑆝𑆴 𑆖𑆤𑇀𑆢𑇀𑆫 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆶 | aḍi tsandra phyor | -am̐ | [◌̃] | 𑆀 | 𑆥𑆀 | |
| 𑆩𑆱𑇀 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆁 | mas phyori aṃ | -aṃ | [n],[m] | 𑆁 | 𑆥𑆁 | |
| 𑆢𑆾 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆂 | dō phyori aḥ | -aḥ | [h] | 𑆂 | 𑆥𑆂 | |
Rujukan
dandani- ↑ Parliament passes Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Bill, 2020, The Hindu
- ↑ https://kashmiridictionary.org/z%c8%a7ri-achar-_-consonants/
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Koul, O. N., Raina, S. N., & Bhat, R. (2000). Kashmiri-English Dictionary for Second Language Learners. Central Institute of Indian Languages.
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20240214151408/https://kashmiridictionary.org/%C8%A7r%E2%81%B1-achar-_-vowels/
- ↑ Kashmiri (deva) website= r12a.github.io
- ↑ Everson, Michael & Pravin Satpute. (2006). Proposal to add four characters for Kashmiri to the BMP of the UCS.
- ↑ Project ZAAN: Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language website=www.koausa.org
- ↑ M.K. Raina, 2020-05-04, One Page Primer on Kashmiri Language
- ↑ Government of India. (2009). Proposal to add six characters in the Devanagari block for representation of Kashmiri language in Devanagari script.
- ↑ Pandey, Anshuman. (2009). Comments on India’s Proposal to Add Devanagari Characters for Kashmiri.
- ↑ Vokal tongah biasona titranskripsiko [ạ] rik [u’] harak nrantilerasiko Huruf Arab, [ö] rik [ü] harak nrantilerasiko Huruf Nagari.
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 Pandey, Anshuman. (2009). Proposal to Encode the Sharada Script in ISO/IEC 10646.
- ↑ George Grierson On the Sarada Alphabet 1916, hal 8–12