Bahasa Burushaski
| Bahasa Burushaski | |
|---|---|
| بُرُݸشَسکݵ Burúśaski | |
| Dipakay bak | Jolma Burusho |
| Jumlah Panutur | 130 ribu |
| Wilayah | Pakistan rik India |
| Kaluwarga Basa | Bahasa Isolat • Bahasa Burushaski |
| Huruf | Arab |
| Status | |
| Resmi di | |
| Diatur bak | |
| Status Basa | Lokok tipakay |
| Kode Basa | |
| ISO 639-3 | bsk |
Basa Burushaski joda da basa isolat say dituturko Jolma Burusho di Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan rik India.
Huruf
dandani| Transliterasi | IPA | Bontuk | Unicode | Catatan | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Posay | Uncuk | Tongah | Pangkal | ||||
| - / A a / U u / I i | ∅
|
ا
|
- | - | ا
|
U+0627 | Letter alif at the beginning of a word can serve two functions. First, it precedes vowel letters (اݸ
) [o], (او / اُو ) [óo][úu], (اݹ / اُݹ ) [oó][uú], (اِیـ / اِی ) [íi], (اِݶـ / اِݶ ) [ií], (اݵـ / اݺ ) [e], (ایـ / اے ) [ée], or (اݶـ / اݻ ) [eé]. Second, it acts as a vowel carrier for diacritics of three short vowels of Burushaski, اَ [a], (اُ
) [u], and (اِ ) [i]. |
| Áa áa | a | آ / ا
|
ـا
|
- | آ
|
U+0622 U+0627 |
Vowel phoneme [aː˥˩] (long vowel [a] with a falling tone) is represented with (آ
) when at the beginning of a word, and with (ـا / ا ) when in the middle or end of a word. |
| a | a | ݳ
|
ـݳ
|
- | - | U+0773 | Only occurs at the end of the word. Elsewhere, the short vowel [a] is represented with a zabar/fatha diacritic (اَ / ◌َ / ـَ
). Alternatively, a final he letter (ه / ـہ ) can also be used for a word-final short vowel [a] |
| Aá aá | a | ݴ
|
ـݴ
|
- | ݴ
|
U+0774 | Vowel phoneme [aː˨˦] represents a long vowel [a] with a rising tone. |
| B b | b | ب
|
ـب
|
ـبـ
|
بـ
|
U+0628 | |
| P p | p | پ
|
ـپ
|
ـپـ
|
پـ
|
U+067e | |
| T t | t̪ | ت
|
ـت
|
ـتـ
|
تـ
|
U+062a | |
| Ṭ ṭ | ʈ | ٹ
|
ـٹ
|
ـٹـ
|
ٹـ
|
U+0679 | |
| S s | s | ث
|
ـث
|
ـثـ
|
ثـ
|
U+062b | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. |
| J j | [d͡ʑ
~ ʑ
] |
ج
|
ـج
|
ـجـ
|
جـ
|
U+062c | |
| Ć ć | t͡ɕ | چ
|
ـچ
|
ـچـ
|
چـ
|
U+0686 | |
| H h | h | ح
|
ـح
|
ـحـ
|
حـ
|
U+062d | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. |
| Ċh ċh | t͡s | ݼ
|
ـݼ
|
ـݼـ
|
ݼـ
|
U+077C | Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet. In Burushaski orthography, it is more common to write a small Urdu number 4 ie ۴ , in place of 4 dots. However, the letter ڇـ ـڇـ ـڇ ڇ is also an acceptable alternative. |
| Qh qh | [qʰ
~qχ ~χ ] |
خ
|
ـخ
|
ـخـ
|
خـ
|
U+062e | |
| C̣ c̣ | ʈ͡ʂ | څ
|
ـڅ
|
ـڅـ
|
څـ
|
U+0685 | Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet. |
| D d | d | د
|
ـد
|
- | - | U+062f | |
| Ḍ ḍ | ɖ | ڈ
|
ـڈ
|
- | - | U+0688 | |
| Z z | z | ذ
|
ـذ
|
- | - | U+0630 | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. |
| Ċ ċ | t͡s | ڎ
|
ـڎ
|
- | - | U+068E | Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet. |
| R r | r | ر
|
ـر
|
- | - | U+0631 | |
| Ṛ ṛ | ɽ | ڑ
|
ـڑ
|
- | - | U+0691 | No word begins with this letter. |
| Z z | z | ز
|
ـز
|
- | - | U+0632 | |
| Ż ż | [d̠͡ʐ
~ʐ ] |
ژ
|
ـژ
|
- | - | U+0698 | |
| S s | s | س
|
ـس
|
ـسـ
|
سـ
|
U+0633 | |
| Ś ś | ɕ | ش
|
ـش
|
ـشـ
|
شـ
|
U+0634 | |
| Ṣ ṣ | ʂ | ݽ
|
ـݽ
|
ـݽـ
|
ݽـ
|
U+077D | Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet. In Burushaski orthography, it is more common to write a small Urdu number 4 ie ۴ , in place of 4 dots. However, the letter ݜـ ـݜـ ـݜ ݜ is also an acceptable alternative. |
| S s | s | ص
|
ـص
|
ـصـ
|
صـ
|
U+0635 | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. |
| Z z | z | ض
|
ـض
|
ـضـ
|
ضـ
|
U+0636 | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. |
| C̣h c̣h | ʈ͡ʂ | ڞ
|
ـڞ
|
ـڞـ
|
ڞـ
|
U+069E | Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet. |
| T t | t | ط
|
ـط
|
ـطـ
|
طـ
|
U+0637U | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. |
| Z z | z | ظ
|
ـظ
|
ـظـ
|
ظـ
|
U+0638 | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. |
| - | ∅
/ʔ |
ع
|
ـع
|
ـعـ
|
عـ
|
U+0639 | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. |
| Ġ ġ | [ɣ
~ʁ ] |
غ
|
ـغ
|
ـغـ
|
غـ
|
U+063a | |
| F f | [p
~pf~f ] |
ف
|
ـف
|
ـفـ
|
فـ
|
U+0641 | Only used in loanwords of foreign origin. |
| Q q | q | ق
|
ـق
|
ـقـ
|
قـ
|
U+0642 | |
| K k | k | ک
|
ـک
|
ـکـ
|
کـ
|
U+06a9 | |
| Ṅ ṅ | ŋ | ݣ
|
ـݣ
|
ـݣـ
|
ݣـ
|
U+0763 | Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet. No word begins with this letter. |
| G g | ɡ | گ
|
ـگ
|
ـگـ
|
گـ
|
U+06af | |
| L l | l | ل
|
ـل
|
ـلـ
|
لـ
|
U+0644 | |
| M m | m | م
|
ـم
|
ـمـ
|
مـ
|
U+0645 | |
| N n | n | ن
|
ـن
|
ـنـ
|
نـ
|
U+0646 | |
| Ṇ ṇ | ◌̃ | ں
|
ـں
|
U+06BA | No word begins with this letter. | ||
| W w / Óo óo / Úu úu | w
o u |
و
|
ـو
|
- | او / و
|
U+0648 | This letter represents three phonemes based on context, consonant [w], or long vowels with falling tone, [oː˥˩], and [uː˥˩]. In order for this letter to represent vowel [u] and not [o], the letter before will have to carry a pesh/damma diacritic (◌ؙو / ـُو
). ), if representing a vowel [oː˥˩] or [uː˥˩], it will be preceded by alif (او / اُو ). For [u], alef will carry the pesh/damma diacritic. |
| O o / u | o
u |
ݸ
|
ـݸ
|
- | اݸ
|
U+0778 | This letter represents short vowel [o]. When a word begins with this vowel phoneme, the letter needs to be preceded by alif اݸ
. In a final position, this letter also represents short vowel [u], with the preceding letter carrying a pesh/damma diacritic (◌ؙݸ / ـُݸ ). |
| Oó oó / Uú uú | o
u |
ݹ
|
ـݹ
|
- | اݹ
|
U+0779 | This letter represents vowel phonemes [oː˨˦] and [uː˨˦], long vowels [o] and [u] with a rising tone. When representing [u], the preceding letter will have to carry a pesh/damma diacritic (◌ؙݹ / ـُݹ
). When a word begins with this vowel phoneme, the letter needs to be preceded by alif (اݸ / اُݸ ). For [u], alef will carry the pesh/damma diacritic. |
| H h | h | ہ
|
ـہ
|
ـہـ
|
ہـ
|
U+06C1 | At the end of the word, depending on context, this letter can represent the consonant [h] or the short vowel [a]. For a word-final vowel, an alef with superscript "2" (ݳ / ـݳ
) can also be used. |
| [◌ʰ]/[◌ʱ] | ھ
|
ـھ
|
ـھـ
|
ھـ
|
U+06BE | No word begins with this letter. Not a standalone letter, its only function is to be part of digraphs representing aspirated consonants. | |
| Ỵ ỵ | ɻ | ݷ
|
ـݷ
|
ـݷـ
|
ݷـ
|
U+0777 | Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet. No word begins with this letter. In Burushaski orthography, it is more common to write a small Urdu number 4 ie ۴
, in place of 4 dots. However, a letter ye with 4 dots below ( |
| Y y | ʔ | ئ
|
ـئ
|
ـئـ
|
ئـ
|
U+0626 | No word begins with this letter. |
| Y y / Ée ée / Íi íi | j
e i |
ی
|
ـی
|
ـیـ
|
ایـ / یـ
|
U+06CC | This letter represents three phonemes based on context, consonant [j], or long vowels with falling tone, [eː˥˩], and [iː˥˩]. In order for this letter to represent vowel [i] and not [e], the letter before will have to carry a zer/kasra diacritic (◌ِیـ / ـِیـ
). ), if representing a vowel [eː˥˩] or [iː˥˩], it will be preceded by alif (ایـ / اِیـ ). For [i], alef will carry the zer/kasra diacritic. In final position, this letter does not represent the vowel [e]. Instead, the letter big ye (ے ) is used. |
| E e / i | e
i |
ݵ
|
- | ـݵـ
|
اݵـ
|
U+0775 | This letter represents short vowel [e]. When a word begins with this vowel phoneme, the letter needs to be preceded by alif اݵـ
. In a final position, this letter represents short vowel [i]. For writing short vowel [e] in final position, the letter big ye with a superscript "2" (ݺ ) is used. |
| Eé eé / Ií ií | e
i |
ݶ
|
ـݶ
|
ـݶـ
|
اݶـ
|
U+0779 | This letter represents vowel phonemes [eː˨˦] and [iː˨˦], long vowels [e] and [i] with a rising tone. When representing [i], the preceding letter will have to carry a zer/kasra diacritic (◌ِݶـ / ـِݶـ
). When a word begins with this vowel phoneme, the letter needs to be preceded by alif اݶـ / اِݶـ . For [i], alef will carry the zer/kasra diacritic. In final position, this letter does not represent the vowel [e]. Instead, the letter big ye with a superscript "3"' (ݻ ) is used. |
| ée | e | ے
|
ـے
|
- | - | U+06D2 | This letter is only used at the end of a word and it represents long vowel with falling tone [eː˥˩]. |
| e | e | ݺ
|
ـݺ
|
- | - | U+077A | This letter is only used at the end of a word and it represents short vowel [e]. |
| eé | e | ݻ
|
ـݻ
|
- | - | U+077B | This letter is only used at the end of a word and it represents long vowel with rising tone [eː˨˦]. |
Ngahombus
dandaniTabol di bah sa anjajakko, kombinasi huruf konsonan rik huruf he nyangkiluk (ھ)
say ngawakilko konsonan ngahombus say uwat dilom Bahasa Burushaski.[1][2][3]
| Digraf | Transkripsi | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| پھ | ph | [pʰ] |
| تھ | th | [tʰ] |
| ٹھ | ṭh | [ʈʰ] |
| چھ | ćh | [t͡ɕʰ] |
| کھ | kh | [kʰ] |
Vokal
dandaniTabol di bah ho anjajakko sanipa huruf vokal titulis di bumacom-ragom bagiyan kata.
| Vokal Buntak | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | O | U | E | I |
| Vokal di awal kata | ||||
| اَ
|
اݸ
|
اُ
|
اݵـ
|
اِ
|
| Vokal di tongah kata | ||||
| ◌َ
|
ݸ / ـݸ
|
◌ُ
|
ݵـ / ـݵـ
|
◌ِ
|
| Vokal di akhir kata | ||||
| ݳ / ـݳ
|
ݸ / ـݸ
|
◌ُ / ◌ُݸ / ـُݸ
|
ݺ / ـݺ
|
ݵ / ـݵ
|
| Vokal tijang, nada niyak ˥˩ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Áa | Óo | Úu | Ée | Íi |
| Vokal di awal kata | ||||
| آ
|
او
|
اُو
|
ایـ
|
اِیـ
|
| Vokal di tongah kata | ||||
| ا / ـا
|
و / ـو
|
◌ُو / ـُو
|
یـ / ـیـ
|
◌ِیـ / ـِیـ
|
| Vokal di akhir kata | ||||
| ا / ـا
|
و / ـو
|
◌ُو / ـُو
|
ے / ـے
|
ی / ـی
|
| Vokal tijang, nada cakak ˨˦ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aá | Oó | Uú | Eé | Ií |
| Vokal di awal kata | ||||
| ݴ
|
اݹ
|
اُݹ
|
اݶـ
|
اِݶـ
|
| Vokal di tongah kata | ||||
| ݴ / ـݴ
|
ݹ / ـݹ
|
◌ُݹ / ـُݹ
|
ݶـ / ـݶـ
|
◌ِݶـ / ـِݶـ
|
| Vokal di akhir kata | ||||
| ݴ / ـݴ
|
ݹ / ـݹ
|
◌ُݹ / ـُݹ
|
ݻ / ـݻ
|
ݶ / ـݶ
|
Rujukan
dandani- ↑ Kasalahan dilom pangutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamab-u-dict-vol1 - ↑ Kasalahan dilom pangutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamab-u-dict-vol2 - ↑ Kasalahan dilom pangutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamab-u-dict-vol3