Bahasa Breton

Basa Breton joda da salah osay basa Keltik say dituturko Jolma Breton di nagara Prancis.

Huruf

Letter	Kerneveg	Leoneg	Tregiereg	Gwenedeg
A a	[ä, a, ɑː]
â	[ɑː]
ae	[ae̯~aj]	[ɛa]	[ɛː]
an	[ɑ̃n]
añ	[ɑ̃]
ao	[ao̯~aw]		[ɔː]	[ao̯~aw]
aou	[ɔʊ̯~ɔw]
B b	[b], [p]
Ch ch	[ʃ], [ʒ]
Cʼh cʼh	[h] , [x]	[h] , [ɣ~ɦ] , [x]	[h] , [x]	[h, x]
cʼhw	[xw~f]	[xw]		[hw~(hɥ)]
D d	[d], [t]
E e	[ɛ, ɛ̞, e, eː]		[ɛ, ɛ̞, e, eː] , [ə]
ê	[ɛː]
ei	[ɛi̯~ɛj]
eeu	[eø̯~ew]
eo	[eː]	[eɔ]	[eː]	[eː, ə]
eu	[œ, œ̞, ø, øː]
eü	[ɛɥ, e(v)y]
eue	[ø̯e~ɥe]
F f	[f], [v]
'f	[v~ɸ]
G g	[ɡ, k]			[ɡ~(ɟ), k~(c)]
gn	[ɲ]
gw	[ɡw]			[ɡw~(ɟɥ)]
H h	[h]
I i	[i, iː, j]
ilh	[(i)ʎ]
J j	[ʒ], [ʃ]
K k	[k]			[k~(c)]
L l	[l] , [ɬ]
M m	[m]
N n	[n] , [ŋ]
ñ	[◌̃]
ñv	[◌̃v]
O o	[ɔ, ɔ̞, o, oː]
oa	[ɔ̯a~wa, ɔ̯ɑː~wɑː]	[ɔ̯a~wa, ɔ̯ɑː~wɑː, ɔa, oːa]	[ɔ̯a~wa, ɔ̯ɑː~wɑː]	[ɔ̯ɛ~wɛ, ɔ̯eː~weː]
ôa	[oːa]
oe	[ɔ̯ɛ(ː)~wɛ(ː)]
on	[ɔ̃n]
oñ	[ɔ̃]
ou	[u, uː, w]			[u, uː, w~(ɥ)]
où	[u]		[o]	[ø, ow, aw, aɥ, ɔɥ]
oü	[oy̆, oːy]
P p	[p]
R r	[ʀ~ʁ~r~ɾ~ɹ] , [χ~r̥~ɾ̥~ɹ̥]
S s	[s, z]
sh	[s]			[h]
sk	[sk]			[sk~(sc~ʃc)]
st	[st]			[ʃt]
T t	[t]
U u	[y, yː, ɥ]
ui	[ɥi, ɥiː]
ul, un, ur	[ɔl, ɔn, ɔʀ]	[œl, œn, œr]	[œl, œn, œɾ]	[yl, yn, yʁ]
V v	[v]
vh	[f]
W w	[w]			[w~(ɥ)]
Y y	[j]
Z z	[z] , Ø, [s]	[z, ʒ/ʃ]	[z] , Ø	[z] , Ø, [ð]
zh	[z]			[h]

Cuntuh Tulisan

• UDHR pasal 1;

Dieub ha par en o dellezegezh hag o gwirioù eo ganet an holl dud. Poell ha skiant zo dezho ha dleout a reont bevañ an eil gant egile en ur spered a genvreudeuriezh.

• Horti

Kaunyin jolma tilahirko mardeka rik uwat pi'il rik hak-hak sai goh-goh. Tiyan tiunjuk akal pikiran rik hati nurani mari tiyan dapok nyampur rik sai barihna dilom semangat bukolpah.

Catatan

Notes:

1. ^ Partikol Vokatif: â Vreizh "O Brittany".
2. ^ Pangkal kata.
3. ^ Uncuk kata.
4. ^ Mak titulis lanisi ⟨ch, cʼh, f, s⟩ rik spiralisasi ⟨p⟩ > ⟨f⟩ [v]

.

1. ^ Unstressed ⟨e, eu, o⟩ represent [ɛ, œ, ɔ]

in Leoneg but [e, ø, o]
in the other dialects. The realisations [ɛ̞, œ̞, ɔ̞]
appear mainly before ⟨rr⟩ (also less often before ⟨cʼh⟩), semivowels [j, w]

, consonant clusters beginning with ⟨r⟩ or ⟨l⟩. Stressed long ⟨e, eu, o⟩ represent [eː, øː, oː] .

1. ^ In Gwenedeg velars are palatalized before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩, i.e. ⟨k⟩, ⟨g⟩, ⟨kw/kou⟩, ⟨cʼhw/cʼhou⟩, ⟨gw/gou⟩, ⟨w/ou⟩, ⟨sk⟩ represent [c~tʃ, ɟ~dʒ, cɥ, hɥ, ɟɥ, ɥ, sc~ʃc]

. In the case of word-final ⟨g⟩ and ⟨k⟩ palatalization to [c]

also occurs after ⟨i⟩.

1. ^ Before a vowel other than ⟨i⟩ the digraph ⟨ni⟩ is written instead of ⟨gn⟩, e.g. bleniañ

"to drive", radical blegn

, 1PS preterite blegnis , 3PS preterite blenias .

1. ^ Silent in words such as ha(g)

, he(cʼh) , ho(cʼh) , holl , hon , hor

and hol

. Always silent in Gwenedeg and Leoneg.

1. ^ ⟨i⟩ is realized as [j]

when it precedes or follows a vowel (or when between vowels), but in words such as lien

, liorzh , rakdiazezañ

it represents [iː]
(in orthography ⟨ï⟩ may be used: lïen

, lïorzh , rakdïazezañ ).

1. ^ ⟨ilh⟩ represents [ʎ]

when it follows a vowel, after a consonant it represents [iʎ]

. But before a vowel other than ⟨i⟩, ⟨li⟩ is written instead of ⟨ilh⟩, e.g. heuliañ

"to follow", radical heuilh

, 1PS preterite heuilhis , 3PS preterite heulias . In some regions [j]

may be heard instead of [ʎ]

.

1. ^ Word-finally after a cluster of unvoiced consonants.
2. ^ In front of ⟨k, g⟩.
3. ^ The digraph ⟨ou⟩ is realized like ⟨w⟩ when preceded or followed by a vowel (or when between vowels), but in words such as Doue

, douar , gouarn

it represents [uː]

.

1. ^ The digraph ⟨où⟩ represents plural endings. Its pronunciation varies by dialect: [u, o, ø, ow, aw, aɥ, ɔɥ]

rating geographically from Northwest Leon to Southeast Gwened.

1. ^ ⟨v⟩ usually represents [v]

, but word-finally (except in word-final ⟨ñv⟩) it represents [w]

in KLT, [ɥ]
in Gwenedeg and [f]
in Goëlo. The pronunciation [v]
is retained word-finally in verbs. In words bliv

, Gwiskriv , gwiv , liv , piv , riv

it represents [u]
in KLT, [ɥ]
in Gwenedeg and [f]
in Goëlo. Word-finally following ⟨r, l, n, z⟩ it represents [o]

.

1. ^ But silent in words such as gouez

, bloaz , goaz , ruziañ , kleiz , rakdïazezañ , bezañ , Roazhon , dezhañ , kouezhañ , 'z , az , ez , da' z , gwirionez , enep(g)wirionez , moneiz , falsvoneiz , karantez , kengarantez , nevez , nevezcʼhanet , nadozioù , abardaez , gwez , bemdez , kriz , bleiz , morvleiz , dezhi . ⟨z⟩ is generally silent in Kerneweg, Tregerieg and Gwenedeg, but in Leoneg ⟨z(h)⟩ is always pronounced.

1. ^ Used to distinguish words such as stêr

"river", hêr
"heir", kêr
"town" (also written kaer

) from ster

"sense", her
"bold", ker
"dear".

1. ^ Used to distinguish trôad

"circuit/tour" from troad
"foot".

1. ^ In northern dialects (mainly in Leoneg), there is a tendency to voice ⟨cʼh⟩ between vowels. [ɣ]

also appears as the lenition of ⟨g, cʼh⟩ and mixed mutation of ⟨g⟩.

1. ^ The lenition of ⟨d⟩ and the spirantization of ⟨t⟩ are both represented by ⟨z⟩ is mainly pronounced [z]

although in certain regions [s]
(especially for the spirantization of ⟨t⟩ in Cornouaille) and [ð]
(in some Haut-Vannetais varieties) also occur.

1. ^ The pronunciation of ⟨r⟩ varies by dialect, nowadays uvular [ʀ]

(or [ʁ]

) is standard; [r]

occurs in Leoneg, [ɾ]
or [ɹ]
in Tregerieg, and [ʀ], [ʁ], [r], and [ɾ]
in Gwenedeg.

1. ^ In Gwenedeg an unstressed ⟨e⟩ often represents [ə]

.

1. ^ Lenited varieties of ⟨r, l, n⟩ may appear word-initially in case of soft mutation.
2. ^ In Leoneg [u(ː)]

in front of a nasal.

1. ^ In Leoneg ⟨w⟩ represents [v]

before ⟨e, i⟩.

1. ^ In Leoneg ⟨z(h)⟩ represents [ʃ]

or [ʒ]
before ⟨i⟩.

1. ^ In Leoneg ⟨gwr⟩ represents [ɡr]

.

1. ^ Before a vowel.
2. ^ Forms of the indefinite article.
3. ^ A conservative realisation of the initial mutation of ⟨d⟩ and ⟨t⟩, used in certain parts of the Vannes country.